Vinyo ndi chakumwa choledzeretsa chomwe chimapangidwa kuchokera ku mphesa zofufumitsa.Yisiti amadya shuga wa mphesa ndikusintha kukhala ethanol ndi carbon dioxide, kutulutsa kutentha mkati mwake.Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mphesa ndi mitundu ya yisiti ndizofunika kwambiri pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya vinyo.Kusiyana kumeneku kumabwera chifukwa cha kugwirizana kovutirapo pakati pa kukula kwa mphesa kwachilengedwe, momwe mphesa imawotchera, malo omwe mphesa zimamera (terroir), komanso kupanga vinyo.Mayiko ambiri amakhazikitsa malamulo oti afotokoze masitayelo ndi mikhalidwe ya vinyo.Izi nthawi zambiri zimalepheretsa komwe mphesa zimachokera komanso mitundu yovomerezeka ya mphesa, komanso mbali zina zakupanga vinyo.Vinyo osapangidwa kuchokera ku mphesa amaphatikiza kupesa kwa mbewu zina kuphatikiza vinyo wa mpunga ndi vinyo wina wa zipatso monga maula, chitumbuwa, makangaza, currant ndi elderberry.
Vinyo wakale kwambiri wodziwika bwino anachokera ku Georgia (c. 6000 BCE), Iran (Persia) (c. 5000 BCE), ndi Sicily (c. 4000 BCE).Vinyo adafika ku Balkan pofika 4500 BC ndipo adadyedwa ndikukondweretsedwa ku Girisi wakale, Thrace ndi Roma.M’mbiri yonse, vinyo wakhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa cha zoledzeretsa zake.
Umboni wakale kwambiri wazofukula zam'mabwinja ndi zakale za vinyo wamphesa ndi viniculture, za 6000-5800 BCE zidapezeka kudera la Georgia yamakono.Umboni wofukulidwa m’mabwinja komanso wa majini umasonyeza kuti vinyo woyambilira kumadera ena anachitika pambuyo pake, mwina kunachitika ku Southern Caucasus (komwe kumaphatikizapo Armenia, Georgia ndi Azerbaijan), kapena kumadzulo kwa Asia pakati pa Eastern Turkey, ndi kumpoto kwa Iran.Malo opangira mphesa zakale kwambiri kuyambira 4100 BCE ndi Areni-1 winery ku Armenia.
Ngakhale sanali vinyo, umboni wakale kwambiri wa mphesa ndi mpunga zosakaniza zakumwa zofufumitsa zinapezeka ku China wakale (c. 7000 BCE).
Tsatanetsatane wa mawonekedwe a masitepe akum'mawa a Apadana, Persepolis, akuwonetsa anthu aku Armenia akubweretsa amphora, mwina vinyo, kwa mfumu.
Lipoti la 2003 la akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale limasonyeza kuti n’kutheka kuti mphesa ankazisakaniza ndi mpunga n’cholinga choti azitulutsa zakumwa zofufumitsa ku China chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 700 B.C.E.Mitsuko yadothi yochokera kumalo a Neolithic a Jiahu, Henan, inali ndi tartaric acid ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimapezeka mu vinyo.Komabe, zipatso zina zamtundu wakuderali, monga hawthorn, sizingathetsedwe.Ngati zakumwa izi, zomwe zimawoneka ngati zotsogola za vinyo wa mpunga, zikuphatikiza mphesa m'malo mwa zipatso zina, zikadakhala zamitundu ingapo yakuthengo yaku China, osati Vitis vinifera, yomwe idayambitsidwa zaka 6000 pambuyo pake.
Kufalikira kwa chikhalidwe cha vinyo kumadzulo mwina kudachitika chifukwa cha Afoinike omwe anafalikira kunja kuchokera kumunsi kwa mizinda ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Mediterranean yomwe ili pafupi ndi Lebanon yamasiku ano (komanso kuphatikizapo madera ang'onoang'ono a Israeli / Palestine ndi Syria m'mphepete mwa nyanja);[37] ] Komabe, chikhalidwe cha Nuragic ku Sardinia chinali kale ndi chizolowezi chomwa vinyo asanafike Afoinike.Vinyo wa Byblos adatumizidwa ku Egypt panthawi ya Ufumu Wakale ndiyeno kudera lonse la Mediterranean.Umboni wa zimenezi ukuphatikizapo kusweka kwa zombo ziwiri za Afoinike kuyambira 750 BCE, zomwe anazipeza ndi katundu wawo wa vinyo akadalibe, zomwe Robert Ballard anapeza Pokhala amalonda oyambirira a vinyo (cherem), Afoinike akuwoneka kuti adateteza vinyo wosanjikiza. mafuta a azitona, otsatiridwa ndi chisindikizo cha pinewood ndi utomoni, wofanana ndi retsina.
Zotsalira zakale za Apadana Palace ku Persepolis kuyambira 515 BCE zikuphatikiza zojambula zosonyeza asitikali ochokera ku Achaemenid Empire akubweretsa mphatso kwa mfumu ya Achaemenid, pakati pawo aku Armenia akubweretsa vinyo wawo wotchuka.
Malemba onena za vinyo amapezeka kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 800 BCE, Homer (zaka za m'ma 800 BCE, koma mwina ponena za nyimbo zakale), Alkman (zaka za m'ma 700 BCE), ndi ena.Ku Egypt wakale, ma amphoras asanu ndi limodzi mwa 36 adapezeka m'manda a Mfumu Tutankhamun otchedwa "Kha'y", mfumu yachifumu ya vintner.Asanu mwa ma amphora amenewa anasankhidwa kukhala ochokera ku malo a mfumu, ndipo yachisanu ndi chimodzi kuchokera ku malo a nyumba yachifumu ya Aten.Vinyo wapezekanso m'chigawo chapakati cha Asia cha Xinjiang ku China yamakono, kuyambira zaka zachiwiri ndi zoyambirira BCE.
Kupondereza vinyo pambuyo pokolola;Tacuinum Sanitatis, zaka za zana la 14
Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa vinyo wopangidwa ndi mphesa ku India kudachokera kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 4 BCE zolemba za Chanakya, nduna yayikulu ya Emperor Chandragupta Maurya.M’zolemba zake, Chanakya akudzudzula kumwa mowa kwinaku akusimba za mfumu komanso khoti lake kuti amakonda kumwa vinyo yemwe amadziwika kuti madhu.
Aroma akale ankalima minda ya mpesa pafupi ndi midzi ya asilikali kuti vinyo azipangidwa m’derali osati kutumizidwa maulendo ataliatali.Ena mwa madera amenewa tsopano ndi otchuka padziko lonse lapansi pakupanga vinyo.Aroma anapeza kuti kuyatsa makandulo a sulfure m’zotengera zopanda kanthu zavinyo kunali kuwapangitsa kukhala atsopano ndi opanda fungo la vinyo wosasa.Kale ku Ulaya, Tchalitchi cha Roma Katolika chinkachirikiza vinyo chifukwa atsogoleri achipembedzo ankafuna kuti azichita pa Misa.Chinsinsi chachingelezi chakale chomwe chinakhalapo m'njira zosiyanasiyana mpaka zaka za m'ma 1800 chimafuna kuyenga vinyo woyera kuchokera ku vinyo woipa kapena wodetsedwa wa bastardo.
Pambuyo pake, zidzukulu za vinyo wa sakramentili zidayeretsedwa kuti zikhale zokoma.Izi zinapangitsa kuti pakhale viticulture yamakono mu vinyo wa ku France, vinyo wa ku Italy, vinyo wa ku Spain, ndi miyambo ya mphesa ya vinyo iyi inabweretsedwa mu vinyo wa New World.Mwachitsanzo, mphesa za Mission zinabweretsedwa ndi amonke a Franciscan ku New Mexico mu 1628 kuyambira ku New Mexico vinyo cholowa, mphesa izi zinabweretsedwanso ku California komwe kunayambitsa bizinesi ya vinyo ya California.Chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha vinyo ku Spain, zigawo ziwirizi zidasintha kukhala opanga akale komanso akulu kwambiri, motsatana, a vinyo waku United States.Ma Viking sagas m'mbuyomu adatchula za dziko labwino kwambiri lodzaza ndi mphesa zakuthengo ndi vinyo wapamwamba kwambiri wotchedwa Vinland. [51]Anthu a ku Spain asanakhazikitse miyambo yawo yamphesa yaku America ku California ndi New Mexico, France ndi Britain adayesa molephera kukhazikitsa mipesa ku Florida ndi Virginia motsatana.
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-04-2022